Vectors

 

 

Direction - The direction in which 2D-vector points can be characterized by a single angle; for 3D-vectors two angles are needed

Magnitude - The magnitude of a vector is its length, or distance from the origin

Scalar - An ordinary number; whereas vectors have direction and magnitude, scalars have only magnitude. The scalars we will be dealing with will all be real numbers, but other kinds of numbers can also be scalars. 5 miles represents a scalar.

Unit vector - A vector whose length is one. The unit vectors which point in the x -, y -, and z -directions in typical 3-dimensional space are usually denoted by i , j , and k , respectively

Vector - A two-dimensional vector is an ordered pair (a, b) of numbers; a three-dimensional vector is an ordered triplet (a, b, c) . In other words, points in the plane or in three-dimensional space are vectors. These kinds of vectors can also be described as having direction and magnitude: 5 miles to the east represents a vector

Work and Power

Energy - The ability to do work

 

Work - A force applied over a distance. For formulae, see work done by a constant force parallel to displacement and work done by any constant force, and work done by a position-dependent force

Joule -  The units of work, equivalent to a Newton-meter. Also units of energy

Kinetic Energy - The energy of motion

Power - Work done per unit time. For formulas, see Formula for average power, Definition of instantaneous power, and formula for instantaneous power

Watt - Unit of power; equal to joule/second

 

Formula of Work and Power

 

                    

Work done by a constant force parallel to displacement

W = Fx

Work done by any constant force

W = Fx cosθ

Work-Energy Theorem	W = ΔK
Formula for instantaneous power	P = Fv cosθ

Jim Al-kalili

Jim Al-Khalili  (born 20 September 1962) is an Iraqi-born British scientist, author and science communicator who is Professor of Theoretical Physics and Chair in the Public Engagement in Science at the University of Surrey. Born to a Muslim father and a Christian Mother, Jim describes himself as having no affiliation with any religion

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Niels Bohr

Niels Henrik David Bohr ( 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a Danish physicist who made fundamental contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Bohr mentored and collaborated with many of the top physicists of the century at his institute in Copenhagen. He was part of a team of physicists working on the Manhattan Project. Bohr married Margrethe Nørlund in 1912, and one of their sons, Aage Bohr, grew up to be an important physicist who in 1975 also received the Nobel prize. Bohr has been described as one of the most influential scientists of the 20th century

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History

Since antiquity, people have tried to understand the behavior of the natural world. One great mystery was the predictable behavior of

celestial objects such as the Sun and the Moon. Several theories were proposed, the majority of which were disproved

The philosopher Thales (ca. 624–546 BC) first refused to accept various supernatural, religious or mythological explanations for natural phenomena, proclaiming that every event had a natural cause. Early physical theories were largely couched in philosophical terms, and never verified by systematic experimental testing as is popular today. Many of the commonly accepted works of Ptolemy and Aristotle are not always found to match everyday observations.

Even so, many ancient philosophers and astronomers gave correct descriptions in atomism and astronomy. Leucippus (first half of 5th century BC) first proposed atomism, while Archimedes derived many correct quantitative descriptions of mechanics, statics and hydrostatics, including an explanation for the principle of the lever. The Middle Ages saw the emergence of an experimental physics taking shape among medieval Muslim physicists, the most famous being Alhazen, followed by modern physics largely taking shape among early modern European physicists, the most famous being Isaac Newton, who built on the works of Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler. In the 20th century, the work of Albert Einstein marked a new direction in physics that continues to the present day

Physics in the Arab and Islamic civilization

Was of Arab civilization - Islamic key role at the beginning of the formulation of physics

 Muslim scholars have presented their own theories and many innovations in the field of physics

For example

Ibn al-Haytham is considered a leading optics in his book" landscapes"  Ibn al-Haytham

Muhammad al-Battani  and  al-Biruni